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No intergroup differences were noted regarding gender and age distribution (p = 0.565 p = 0,498). Therefore, the significant intergroup differences related to the CI angle and CL values support the study hypothesis. Furthermore, the cervical lordosis (CL) values of men were observed to be significantly different. Moreover, CI angle values were noted to be significantly different among groups on variable-based examination.
#Ancestors the humankind odyssey walking on two legs series#
Sagittal parameters of the case series were compared with the sagittal parameters of the same number of consecutive patients with neck pain only but no cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD). The purpose is to investigate if a correlation existed between the frequency of cervical degenerative disc disease occurrence and cranial incidence (CI) angle.Ī retrospective analysis of case series. Moreover, this dissertation deciphers the communicative potential of iconicity as a force that not only enabled the emergence of language, but also persists after millennia, unfolding again and again and encountering us every day in speech, writing, and gestures. The results of the individual investigations point to the widespread use of iconicity in contemporary German. I present experimental evidence on sound symbolism, using the example of German Pokémon names, on iconic prosody, and on iconic words, the so-called ideophones. Starting from the language evolutionary debate, the individual chapters address iconicity on different linguistic levels.
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The individual chapters of the dissertation can be viewed as separate parts that, taken together, reveal the comprehensive spectrum of iconicity. In contrast, the main point of this thesis is to explore the potential and the importance of iconicity in the language nowadays. Previous theoretical approaches emphasize that arbitrariness of the linguistic sign is one of the main features of human language iconicity, however, may have played a role for language evolution, but is negligible in contemporary language. Just like a sculpture resembles an object or a model, so can the sound or shape of words resemble the thing they refer to. Iconicity refers to a resemblance between the linguistic form and the meaning of a referent (cf.
![ancestors the humankind odyssey walking on two legs ancestors the humankind odyssey walking on two legs](https://hisgames.org/images/196/ancestors-the-humankind-odyssey.jpg)
This dissertation is concerned with the major theme of iconicity and its prevalence on different linguistic levels. The new synthesis presented here is able to harmonise many of the hitherto competing theories. This is consistent with paleoanthropological findings and with functional anatomy as well as with energetic calculations, and not least, with evolutionary psychology. So far, this is the only scenario suitable to overcome the considerable anatomical and functional threshold from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. In contrast to all other theories, wading behaviour not only triggers an upright posture, but also forces the individual to maintain this position and to walk bipedally. The forests were not far from a shore, where our early ancestor, along with its arboreal habits, walked and waded in shallow water finding rich food with little investment. The Amphibian Generalist Theory, presented first in the year 2000, suggests that bipedalism began in a wooded habitat. Moreover, the fossil remains revealed increasing evidence that this part of human evolution took place in a more humid environment than previously assumed. During the 1990s, the fossil record allowed the reconstruction of emerging bipedalism more precisely in a forested habitat (e.g., as reported by Clarke and Tobias (Science 269:521-524, 1995) and WoldeGabriel et al. Secondly, they were all placed into a savannah scenario. Meanwhile, it has been established that all main hypotheses published until the last decade of the past century are outdated, at least with respect to some of their main ideas: Firstly, they were focused on only one cause for the evolution of bipedality, whereas the evolutionary process was much more complex. The most important and recent ones are discussed here. During the last century, approximately 30 hypotheses have been constructed to explain the evolution of the human upright posture and locomotion.